LU Shan-zhong's academic contribution to the recent and modern acupuncture and moxibustion / 中国针灸

By arranging Mr. LU Shan-zhong's papers and works, his academic contributions to acupuncture and moxibustion were summarized. It mainly includes standardizing the clinical diagnosis and treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion, and finding the fusion point of the western and traditional medicine; building the acupuncture and moxibustion education system, innovating acupuncture and moxibustion talent training programs; exploring the academic connotation of acupuncture and moxibustion, and promoting acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.

Exploration of practice of acupuncture-moxibustion scientization by HUANG Xue-long, the successor of Chengjiang school / 中国针灸

HUANG Xue-long is a direct disciple of CHENG Dan-an. He is the second-generation representative heir of Chengjiang school. Through research on his practice and achievements of acupuncture and moxibustion scientization, we found that his main contributions were as follows. He has carried out beneficial explorations along with the scientific thinking of Chengjiang school, elucidated the theory of acupoints, clarified acupuncture and moxibustion manipulations, and explained the mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion. His explorations promote the scientific process of acupuncture and moxibustion and enrich the academic system of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Effect of acupuncture on pregnancy outcomes of frozen embryo transfer in patients with anovulatory infertility / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of conventional ovulation induction protocol and acupuncture combined with conventional ovulation induction protocol on pregnancy outcomes of frozen embryo transfer (FET) in patients with anovulatory infertility.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with anovulatory infertility were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. In the control group, conventional ovulation induction protocol was applied to prepare endometrium. On the basis of the control group, acupuncture was started on the 2nd day of menstrual cycle in the observation group，Baihui (GV 20), Mingmen (GV 4), Geshu (BL 17), Guanyuan (CV 4), Qihai (CV 6), etc. were selected, once every other day, until 1 day before transplantation. The clinical pregnancy rate, embryo implantation rate, endometrial morphology on HCG trigger day, ovulation rate and cycle cancellation rate were compared in the two groups. The endometrial thickness before treatment and on HCG trigger day, TCM symptom score before and after treatment were observed in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#In the observation group, the embryo implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate were higher than the control group (P<0.05), endometrial thickness and endometrial morphology on HCG trigger day were superior to the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the TCM symptom score in the observation group was decreased compared with before treatment (P<0.05), and the variation was greater than the control group (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#On the basis of the conventional ovulation induction protocol, acupuncture could enhance the embryo implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate of FET, improve the endometrial receptivity of patients with anovulatory infertility.

Effect of acupuncture for regulating spleen and stomach on aspirin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of acupuncture for regulating spleen and stomach on aspirin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and explore the effect mechanism.@*METHODS@#A total of 68 T2DM patients complicated with aspirin resistance were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 34 cases in each one. On the base of the conventional treatment for diabetes, aspirin enteric-coated tablets were prescribed for oral administration, 100 mg each time, once daily in the control group. In the observation group, on the basis of the treatment as the control group, acupuncture was used for regulating spleen and stomach at Zhongwan (CV 12), Zusanli (ST 36), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Hegu (LI 4), etc., once daily. The treatment for 1 week was as one course and 4 courses of treatment were required totally in two groups. Before and After treatment, the indexes of platelet function (platelet aggregation rate [PAG] and salicylic acid concentration), the indexes of vascular endothelial function (6-keone prostaglandin F1α[6-keto-PGF1α], thromin B2 [TXB2] and cyclooxysynthase-2 [COX-2]), blood glucose (fasting plasma glucose [FPG], 2 h plasma glucose [2h PG] and glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c]), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), blood lipid indexes (total cholesterol [TC], triacylglycerol [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]) and the total score of TCM symptoms were observed in the patients of two groups. Clinical therapeutic effect and safety was compared in the patients between the two groups after treatment and the recurrence rate of cardiocerebrovascular events was followed up 6 months after treatment.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, PAG, salicylic acid concentration, TXB2, COX-2, FPG, 2h PG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, TC, TG and the total scores of TCM symptoms were all reduced as compared with those before treatment in the two groups (@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture for regulating spleen and stomach combined with aspirin enteric-coated tablets relieve insulin resistance and reduces blood glucose and lipid as well as the recurrence rate of cardiocerebrovascular events in the patients with T2DM, which is probably related to the regulation of insulin resistance and the improvement of vascular endothelial function. This combined therapy achieves the better effect on aspirin resistance as compared with simple aspirin enteric-coated tablets.

Deconstruction of the textbook and discipline framework of / 中国针灸

Four early lectures of

Discussion on the needling technique with filiform needle in acupuncture-moxibustion teaching materials in the Republic of China / 中国针灸

Through collecting the literature data of the needling technique with filiform needle in 20 acupuncture-moxibustion teaching materials in the Republic of China， the manipulation techniques with filiform needle were analyzed, such as the technique of needle insertion, the technique of reinforcing and reducing, and the management of acupuncture abnormal conditions, as well as manual techniques and analgesics methods. It is found that the era of the Republic of China was the transition period of traditional acupuncture techniques to the modern ones in acupuncture-moxibustion teaching materials, in which, the twirling technique was predominated in the technique of needle insertion. In that period, the insertion technique of tube needle had been introduced and simplified, the theory and method of the new-style technique of reinforcing and reducing were emerged and the types of acupuncture abnormal conditions recorded in the teaching materials were different from those at present. Additionally, the applicable manipulation had not been specified nationally. There were the highly influential teaching materials, i.e. , and . The acupuncture-moxibustion teaching materials in the Republic of China has been influenced by the transition of acupuncture-moxibustion education modes, the introduction of Chinese-translation version of Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion books, the academic thoughts of acupuncture masters and the manufacturing process of needle devices.

Definition of lost acupuncture technique: based on / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#By defining the inclusion criteria of the lost acupuncture technique and sorting out the content of lost acupuncture technique (possibly lost acupuncture technique), this article aimed to provide ideas and methods of the inheritance of acupuncture technique.@*METHODS@#The whole entries of @*RESULTS@#A total of 364 items of acupuncture technique were retrieved, including 17 items of lost acupuncture technique and 12 items of possibly lost acupuncture technique.@*CONCLUSION@#The lost acupuncture technique is defined as the acupuncture technique recorded in ancient classics but can not be retrieved in modern literature of clinical application or expert's experience. The change of government or alternation of dynasty, the evolution of acupuncture-moxibustion theories and education are the related causes of lost acupuncture technique.

's experience and practice in treatment of stroke / 中国针灸

is the famous acupuncture scholar in modern times and he emphasizes the importance of moxibustion in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke. According to the different stages and types of stroke, the full-period moxibustion treatment is dominant, i.e. the moxibustion therapy for pacifying is used for stroke prevention, the moxibustion therapy for rescuing is for the emergency and the moxibustion therapy for warming and promoting meridian circulation is for the rehabilitation. Moxibustion is applicable in the full-period treatment of stroke. The corresponding treatment regimen and manipulation should be selected in terms of the individual stage and type of stroke.

Summary and core technique on the origin and evolution of reinforcing-reducing manipulation achieved by lifting and thrusting the needle / 中国针灸

By analyzing the evolution of reinforcing-reducing manipulation achieved by lifting and thrusting the needle recorded in ancient literature of traditional Chinese medicine, it is found that the main contents of reinforcing-reducing manipulation by lifting and thrusting the needle include manipulating speed change, manual amplitude, insertion layer, gender, the direction to the acupuncture receiver, forenoon and afternoon and relevant quantity. Among them, gender, the direction to the acupuncture receiver, forenoon and afternoon and relevant quantity are the unnecessary parameters, while the manipulating speed change, manual amplitude and insertion layer are the indispensable parameters. The manipulating speed change is the core of the necessary parameters for the reinforcing-reducing manipulation achieved by lifting and thrusting the needle. Combined with the manual amplitude, the manipulating speed of needle determines the volume of needling stimulation. The insertion layer is decided on the base of the clinical demand. In the core technique of reinforcing-reducing manipulation by lifting and thrusting the needle, the reinforcing is achieved by thrusting the needle forcefully and quickly and then lifting the needle body slowly and evenly back to the original layer. The reducing is achieved by lifting the needle forcefully and quickly and then thrusting the needle body slowly and evenly back to the original layer. The manipulating speed and manual amplitude of needling are the parameters to quantize acupuncture manipulation. In association with the acupuncture effects in human body, these parameters contribute to the interpretation of the dose-effect relationship of acupuncture and the improvement of clinical effects.

Effect of acupuncture at "reflection points" of the affected side on the peripheral facial paralysis in acute phase / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of acupuncture at the "reflection points" of affected side on the peripheral facial paralysis in acute phase.@*METHODS@#Ninety patients with peripheral facial paralysis in acute phase were randomly divided into a reflection group (group A), a conventional acupuncture group (group B) and a physiotherapy group (group C), 30 cases in each group. The same basic medication were given in all three groups. In the group A, acupuncture at "reflection points" of the affected side and local acupoints in acute phase, such as Dicang (ST 4), Jiache (ST 6), Quanliao (SI 18), Xiaguan (ST 7), Yangbai (GB 14), Taiyang (EX-HN 5), etc. were applied. The electroacupuncture was added in the stationary phase, and Zusanli (ST 36) was added in the recovery phase. In the group B, acupuncture at Yifeng (TE 17) of the affected side in acute phase and local acupoints, such as Dicang (ST 4), Jiache (ST 6), Quanliao (SI 18), Xiaguan (ST 7), Yangbai (GB 14), Taiyang (EX-HN 5), etc. were applied. The electroacupuncture was added in the stationary phase, and Zusanli (ST 36) was added in the recovery phase. In the group C, ultrashort wave on Yifeng (TE 17) of the affected side in acute phase was applied, and the treatment in the stationary phase and the recovery phase was the same as the group B. The treatment was given once every day, 5 times as one course for 4 courses. The House-Brackmann (H-B) grading scale, facial disability index scale, the symptom and physical score integral scale were used to score before and after treatment, and the clinical effects of the three groups were compared.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the functional grade of H-B facial nerve was better than that before treatment in the three groups (0.05). After treatment, the course of treatment required to reflect the healing in the group A was shorter than that in the group B and the group C (0.05). The scores of symptoms and signs in the three groups were lower than those before treatment (0.05). H-B facial nerve function grading scale and facial disability index (FDI) scale were used as the evaluation criteria, the curative rate was 66.7% (20/30) in the group A, 50.0% (15/30) in the group B and 46.7% (14/30) in the group C, the curative rate in the group A was better than the other two groups (<0.05). The curative and markedly effective rate in the group A was 83.3% (25/30), 70.0% (21/30) in the group B and 63.3% (19/30) in the group C, the curative and markedly effective rate in the group A was better than the other two groups (<0.05). The scores of symptoms and signs were used as the evaluation criteria, the curative rate was 66.7% (20/30) in the group A, 50.0% (15/30) in the group B, and 46.7% (14/30) in the group C. The curative rate in the group A was better than the other two groups (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with general acupuncture and physiotherapy, acupuncture at the "reflection points" of the affected side on the peripheral facial paralysis in acute phase could shorten the course of treatment and improve the curative effect.

Study on Response of TRPV1 Sensitive Neurons in Spinal Cord under Moxibustion of Different Temperatures / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To observe the response of TRPV1 sensitive neurons in spinal cord under moxibustion of different temperatures in "Zusanli". Methods Totally 40 healthy male SD rats were chosen and stimulated with moxibustion at "Zusanli" in 41 ℃, 45 ℃ and 49 ℃. Extracellular recording techniques of glass microelectrode was used in the rats' L4spinal cord neurons. Capsaicin vehicle and solution was injected into the rats through "Zusanli" to filter the sensitive neuron to TRPV1. The response of sensitive neurons to TRPV1 in spinal cord under moxibustion of three different temperatures was recorded and compared. Results The TRPV1 sensitive neurons responded to all the three temperatures. Viewing from the nature of the responding neurons, the neuron in 45 ℃ and 49 ℃ mainly performed in agitation, while the number of agitated and inhibitory neurons appeared same in 41 ℃. Viewing from the character of the responding neurons, different temperatures correspond to differential discharge frequency: 41 ℃was (8.26±2.14) spikes/s, 45 ℃ was (4.69±2.61) spikes/s, 49 ℃ was (10.66±5.97) spikes/s. Viewing from the change of discharge frequency, the neurons in 41 ℃ was found without obvious change, while the neurons in 45 ℃and 49 ℃ discharge frequency apparently increased (P<0.01). Conclusion Sensitive neurons in TRPV1 in spinal cord can response to 41 ℃, 45 ℃ and 49 ℃, whose character, nature and degree are related to the temperature gradient.

A Preliminary Study of the Therapeutic Role of Human Early Fetal Aorta-derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Inhibiting Carotid Artery Neointimal Hyperplasia / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Endothelial cell damage is an important pathophysiological step of restenosis after angioplasty and stenting. Cell transplantation has great therapeutic potential for endothelial recovery. We investigated the effect of transplanting endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from human early fetal aortas in rat injured arteries.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The carotid arterial endothelium of Sprague-Dawley rats was damaged by dilatation with a 1.5 F balloon catheter, and then EPCs derived from human early fetal aortas (<14 weeks) were injected into the lumen of the injured artery in transplanted rats, with an equal volume of normal saline injected into control rats. Rats were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment and transplanted cells were identified by immunohistochemical staining with anti-human CD31 and anti-human mitochondria antibodies. Arterial cross-sections were analyzed by pathology, immunohistochemistry, and morphometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Green fluorescence-labeled EPCs could be seen in the endovascular surface of balloon-injured vessels after transplantation. The intimal area and intimal/medial area ratio were significantly smaller in the transplanted group than in the control (P < 0.05) and the residual lumen area was larger (P < 0.05). After EPC transplantation, a complete vascular endothelial layer was formed, which was positive for human von Willebrand factor after immunohistochemical staining, and immunohistochemical staining revealed many CD31- and mitochondria-positive cells in the re-endothelialized endothelium with EPC transplantation but not control treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EPCs derived from human early fetal aorta were successfully transplanted into injured vessels and might inhibit neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury.</p>

Research and thinking on needling sensation of acupoint Huantiao (GB 30) / 中国针灸

Taken Huantiao (GB 30) as breakthrough point, acupuncture manipulations of generating various needling sensations by different physicians are sorted. Types of acupoint needling sensations and conducting directions after acupuncture and all kinds of factors that affect needling sensations are analyzed from new perspectives. It is considered that attention should be paid to acupoint location, postures of patients, manipulation methods, types of needling sensations, transmission lines and duration time of needling sensations, etc.

CHENG DAN-AN's contribution to direct moxibustion with moxa cone in Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion / 中国针灸

In the book of Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion by CHENG Dan-an, direct moxibustion with moxa cone was regarded as a classic style of moxibustion because of its innate character of heat induced thermal stimulus and burn toxin. CHENG Dan-an made the quantity of moxibustion more controllable through the selection of moxa wool, the size and number of moxa cones, and the tightness of moxa cones, etc. CHENG Dan-an 's clinical experience is summarized through treating stubborn and infectious diseases with direct moxibustion with moxa cone. The results showed that only with understanding the characteristics of moxibustion and key pathological mechanism of suitable disease could direct moxibustion with moxa cone and the appropriate methods be performed correctly. CHENG Dan-an confirmed the clinical effect of treating stubborn and intectious diseases with direct contact moxibustion with moxa cone, and optimized the specific operation scheme of direct moxibustion with moxa cone. It tell us that we should deeply study on moxibustion, to make it wide spread in the hereafter, bring benefit to mankind.

Scientific practice of Chengjiang Acupuncture School in the Republic of China / 中国针灸

Under the influence of Chinese medicine scientization, Chengjiang Acupuncture School, which was originated in the Republic of China (1912 - 1949), has also undergone a series of scientific practice. The Chengjiang School established scientific research, education and medical organizations such as the Research Society of China Acupuncture-Moxibustion, China Acupuncture-Moxibustion School, Training School of China Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Sanatorium of Acupuncture-Moxibustion. Zhenjiu Zazhi (Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion) was established, and monographs and textbooks such as Zhongguo Zhenjiu Zhiliaoxue (Therapeutics of Chinese Acupuncture-Moxibustion) and Zhongguo Zhenjiuxue Jiangyi (Lectures on Chinese Acupuncture-Moxibustion) were published. Meanwhile, based on clinical practice, large members of acupuncture personnel with scientific literacy emerged. Therefore, it is held that the scientization of Chengjiang School has performed a profound influence on the development of modern acupuncture-moxibustion.

Role of PPARγin Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy by Telmisartan / 医药导报

Objective To demonstrate the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of telmisartan in diabetic nePhroPathy, and discuss the role of PPARγin this Process. Methods The diabetic nePhroPathy rat models were established and randomly assigned to control grouP, telmisartan grouP ( 5 mg · kg-1 · d-1 ) and combination of telmisartan and PPARγ inhibitor grouP (telmisartan:5 mg·kg-1·d-1;GW9662:0. 5 mg·kg-1·d-1). After 12 weeks of treatment,the biochemical indexes of blood and urine,kidney weight,renal Pathology in each grouP of diabetic nePhroPathy rats were measured and comPared. The leVels of IL_1,IL_6 and TNF_α in blood of each grouP were detected by ELISA and comPared. The leVels of HGF and actiVated NF_κB (P65) in renal tissue of each grouP were detected by Western blotting and comPared. Results In diabetic nePhroPathy rats, telmisartan lowered the leVels of serum glucose, serum creatinine, urinary Protein and kidney weight, decreased the glomerular Volume,mesangial Proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration,reduced blood leVels of IL_1,IL_6,and TNF_α,and decreased leVel of actiVated NF_κB (P65) in renal tissue. The leVel of HGF in renal tissue was eleVated by telmisartan. NeVertheless,these changes were Partly reVersed by PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Conclusion PPARγ Presents an imPortant role in treatment of diabetic nePhroPathy by telmisartan.

Location of disease: acupoint view from the angle of clinic / 中国针灸

Doctor WANG Zhi-zhong in the Southern Song Dynasty proposed the acupoint view of "location of disease", which explained the connotation of acupoints from the angle of clinic. Its meaning included two levels, one level meant pathological change on the body surface, that was the location of acupuncture diagnosis-treatment, and the other one indicated that the body surface which was the reflecting point of pathological change on the distal area or inside the body was the location of acupuncture diagnosis-treatment. The specific connotations of clinical acupoints were: location of pathogenic factors or reflection of pathogenic factors, regularity between acupoints un- der disease and specific organ, morphological differences and positioning variability after acupoints under disease, and acupoints examination, diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction on the academic origin of Chengjiang acupuncture school / 中国针灸

The academic life, thoughts and contributions of over ten representatives of Chengjiang acupuncture school were investigated with the methodology of literature comparative analysis to abstract the academic origin of the school. And the result shows that based on the traditional theory of Chinese medicine, influenced by the ideological trend of scientization, focused on clinical practice and enlightened by Japanese acupuncture in a certain degree, Chengjiang acupuncture school is an open and inclusive Chinese medicine school which does not only emphasize on carrying on of the theoretical system of Chinese medicine, but also actively adjust itself to the development of the society.

Theory study: warming-dredging and warming-reinforcing of moxibustion / 中国针灸

Through analysis of the basic mechanism and principle of moxibustion, it is found that the most basic characteristic of moxibustion on acupoints of human body rests with its warm stimulation. The multi-effect of the warm stimulation of moxibustion can be generalized into the following 2 aspects: 1) warming-dredging: to dredge meridians with warming through regulation of qi and blood circulation, and removing stagnation in meridians and collaterals. 2) warming-reinforcing: to reinforce with warming through strengthening of yang qi as well as tonifying yin through reinforcing of yang. The two effects are inter-depending and inter-acting on each other. The mechanism of warming-dredging and warming-reinforcing is different from that of the materia medica, and it has its own specific connotation.